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You were typically looking at animals, nature, scenes that could have taken place in October or February. Appreciation of the quality and the artistry of the cards grew in the late s, spurred in part by competitions organized by card publishers, with cash prizes offered for the best designs. People soon collected Christmas cards like they would butterflies or coins, and the new crop each season were reviewed in newspapers, like books or films today.

In , prominent British arts writer Gleeson White devoted an entire issue of his influential magazine, The Studio, to a study of Christmas cards. While he found the varied designs interesting, he was not impressed by the written sentiments.

The modern Christmas card industry arguably began in , when a Kansas City-based fledgling postcard printing company started by Joyce Hall, later to be joined by his brothers Rollie and William, published its first holiday card. The Hall Brothers company which, a decade later, change its name to Hallmark , soon adapted a new format for the cards—4 inches wide, 6 inches high, folded once, and inserted in an envelope. As hunger for cards grew, Hallmark and its competitors reached out for new ideas to sell them.

Commissioning famous artists to design them was one way: Hence, the creation of cards by Salvador Dali, Grandma Moses and Norman Rockwell, who designed a series of Christmas cards for Hallmark the Rockwell cards are still reprinted every few years. The most popular Christmas card of all time, however, is a simple one.

The third peers out from the card with big, baby blue eyes, her halo slightly askew. The introduction, 53 years ago, of the first Christmas stamp by the U. So Cole set about creating a way to reduce the time and effort that went into writing to his extensive Christmas list. The card depicted three scenes; a family gathered celebrating Christmas, and the charitable acts of clothing the poor and of feeding the hungry.

Cole used all he needed and then sold the rest, making it the first commercially available Christmas card. However, the price of six pence each, did mean these were still a luxury item which the working class could not afford. Today, greetings cards are used the world over for every conceivable occasion. In recent years, there has been a move by many to use cards made by smaller companies, or handmade items which show a little more thought.

How about following the trend and making your own cards this World Card Making Day? Not even sure you could still get any of these. They were first created in and I would believe any still in existence would be very expensive and probably in museum collections. Great international shipping rates and options Prepay all duties and taxes Yes, Visit our international Website.

The History of Greetings Cards. From Catwalk to Stationery Drawer. Product Care Guide. Comments Login. Hardeep singh. More recently, new ideas in greeting cards have extended to areas such as recyclable cards or cards made of recycled materials as a way to increase interest by more environmentally-conscious customers. Even more recently in the Internet Age, e-cards, including animated cards, are an extension of this and represent the next level of development companies and entrepreneurs have developed in the greeting card industry.

While in the US, mass-produced cards have become the norm, other countries have either been influenced by this or have developed their own traditions. In the UK, there are perhaps among the highest number of publishers focused on greeting cards, where the tradition of sending greeting cards is not only well established but is also among the most profitable.

Over 1. While many traditional publishers have suffered, they have also adapted by making more creative ways to send personalized messages and cards as well as using digital media. In Japan, greeting cards that have combined other popular culture themes, such as Hello Kitty, have become popular for people to send on different occasions.

In Germany, birthdays such as the 18th birthday and 25th birthday have led to the development of specialized cards for these occasions. In India and among Hindu cultures, Dewali, the Hindu festival of lights, is a popular holiday when cards are exchanged. These often show fireworks or light displays that reflect the victory of light over darkness.

In Muslim traditions, Ramadan is a holiday where well-wishers send each other greeting cards. In particular, Eid, which celebrates the end of the Ramadan fast period, greeting cards are sent with celebrations that include food and sweets.

For Jewish tradition, both Rosh Hashanah and Hanukkah are popular holidays in exchanging greeting cards.

Greeting cards are a tradition that goes back to the early days of writing. New Year festivals were initially the most common period when greeting cards were sent, as they reflected a time where one would want to keep evil spirits away or ask for good fortune in the year.

Valentine's day in the Medieval period became popular for greeting cards, but that period saw limited use for greeting cards. In the midth century, Christmas cards became popularized and soon other holidays and birthdays began to adopt the idea of using greeting cards to send to family, friends, and loved ones.

Arts, crafts and traditional industries. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, pg. Tradition and innovation in folk literature. Routledge, pg. The Writings of medieval women: an anthology 2nd ed. New York: Garland Pub.

The history of the Christmas card. Detroit: Omnigraphics.

Section amended 15 U. Also, in recognition of the role of whistleblowers in exposing the accounting scandals of the earlys, Congress passed Section , codified 18 U.

The U. Supreme Court in Lawson v. One major criticism of SOX is the cost that greater disclosure and internal control requirements poses on smaller firms seeking to raise public funds. KPMG reports on the effectiveness of financial reporting controls and procedures, as well as advise on broader Sarbanes-Oxley compliance issues. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act imposes various governance, accounting and reporting standards on US public companies including their subsidiaries and accounting firms.

It also applies to Australian and other non-US companies issuing and registering securities in the US. Sarbanes-Oxley named as such after its legislative sponsors was enacted in in response to corporate scandals and collapses.

Section of Sarbanes-Oxley SOX requires the management of companies to annually assess and assert as to the effectiveness of the organisation's internal controls and its procedures for financial reporting. It also requires the external auditor to report on the effectiveness of these controls, and potentially on management's evaluation process. Where KPMG is a company's financial statement auditor, it is required to attest to the effectiveness of internal controls and procedures relevant to financial reporting.

KPMG can also advise companies on their broader compliance obligations under Sarbanes-Oxley, and where KPMG is not the financial statement auditor, can assist them in the development and documentation of their internal control environments. We offer high-level technical capabilities, a client focused culture and access to a global network of respected professionals.

Our advice is clear, concise and relevant. Since then, all public companies are now required to create and implement processes that report to SEC compliance. SoxLaw is an independent resource that is designed to help you understand the law and become compliant. The late s were a wild time in corporate finance.

The dot com boom was in full swing. The internet was beginning to have an impact on how many industries functioned. WorldCom, Enron, and Tyco were just a few of the more high-profile companies to bend or ignore rules designed to protect shareholders. The law has real teeth: failure to comply can result in hefty fines and possibly even jail time. They are penalized for non-compliance even if the non-compliance was accidental.

SOX covers not only financial records and reporting, it also has provisions relating to data security and IT that must be complied with. Covered companies must maintain records proving they comply with SOX, and they must complete an annual audit, the results of which must be easily available to all stakeholders.

Clearly not all of the Titles are relevant to a company concerned with SOX compliance. The relevant titles from a compliance perspective are Titles 3, 4, 8, and 9. A summary of each follows:. Section Corporate Responsibility for Financial Reports.

Section Disclosures in Periodic Reports. Section Management Assessment of Internal Controls. Section Real Time Issuer Disclosures. Section Criminal Penalties for Altering Documents.

Modern corporations run on computers. Who has access to data? Is data secure from tampering? Given the severe penalties for failing to comply with SOX, and given the complexity of the task, companies are advised to start on the process of SOX compliance as early as possible.

SOX compliance software can help with tracking data, flagging potential problem areas, and generating reports. Prior to SOX, financial reporting was largely self-regulated by the industry. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has been widely praised as having helped improve corporate governance, transparency, and accountability in corporate America.

I am surprised that the Sarbanes—Oxley Act, so rapidly developed and enacted, has functioned as well as it has … the act importantly reinforced the principle that shareholders own our corporations and that corporate managers should be working on behalf of shareholders to allocate business resources to their optimum use. On the other hand, many take the lack of criminal charges as a sign of the success of the SOX Act.

Section Management Assessment of Internal Controls requires management and external auditors to certify internal controls on financial reporting in an annual internal control report.

Penalties for noncompliance with SOX Noncompliance penalties vary according to the section violation and are at their greatest when information has been deliberately falsified, altered, or destroyed. Ready to simplify your security? ISO Cybersecurity Toolkit. Speak to an expert. This website uses cookies.

Samantha's father, James Koenig, said she did not know Keyes, and believes his daughter was the victim of a random abduction. Samantha Koenig was last seen on a surveillance tape at about 8 p. Police classified it as an abduction based on Koenig's demeanor and the man's actions from the tape. Police refused to release the tape. Local and federal investigators continue to seek witnesses who may know something about the movements of Keyes' white Chevrolet pickup, which was seized after Keyes' arrest in Texas.

Complete coverage of Samantha Koenig on Crimesider. Keyes later told investigators that he had pulled out a gun and demanded money, which is when Koenig put her hands in the air and backed away from the kiosk window.

At Keyes' apparent request, Koenig then turned off the lights, and Keyes entered the shop through the front window. Keyes said he bound her wrists with zip ties and forcibly led her out the shop.

While Keyes was leading Koenig to his car, she tried to make a break for it, but Keyes quickly caught up to her and tackled her to the ground. He pointed his gun at Koenig and told her it had " very quiet " ammo, saying that she shouldn't do anything that would make him kill her.

After obtaining her cell phone and ATM card, Keyes took Koenig to a shed on his property, where he sexually assaulted and strangled her to death. He sewed her eyes open, sat her up, and took a polaroid picture of her with a copy of the Anchorage Daily Newspaper dated four days ago.

Keyes had already taken possession of her debit card by then. The family did as was asked. He had used the debit card to make transactions all over the Southwest.

It was even reported that he sipped wine and told Koenig what he was going to do to her before he actually raped and killed her. His psychological evaluation also revealed that his intelligence bordered from average to high and that he did not have any mental health issues.

He was a completely functional person living in the society with a family, which made this crime all the more akin to a horror story.

This Scott is later revealed to be an evil doppelganger, and in the finale of the movie, medium Tangina Zelda Rubinstein brings Kane into the light, freeing the captured Carol Anne, Donna and the rest of the family from the other side. Noticeably absent from the ending, however, is Scott, which has a couple of explanations. Sherman had previously shot another finale for Poltergeist III he was unhappy with, and which tested poorly during screenings. This ending featured the frozen bodies of all the captured characters, including Scott, but Tangina's sacrifice frees them to return from the other side.

This ending also featured Heather O'Rourke and Scott actor Kip Wentz, but before O'Rourke's passing, it was planned for the crew to return and film another ending.

A devastated Sherman reunited the cast and crew to quickly film the somewhat abrupt finale that now ends Poltergeist III , which he's also unhappy with.

The news made Sherman extremely reluctant to continue, though studio pressures overruled his hesitance. Sherman was adamant that it be handled live without any stop-motion. Once the cameras were rolling, the layers were melted away under severe heat blasts. In the end, Poltergeist III proved to be a box office and critical failure.

Horrors Elsewhere is a recurring column that spotlights a variety of movies from all around the globe, particularly those not from the United States. Fears may not be universal, but one thing is for sure — a scream is understood, always and everywhere.

A black cloud hangs over the family at the center of the movie, Voices. The children live in blissful ignorance while the adults anxiously await the day their legacy finally comes to light. What they had hoped would skip a generation is now underway to destroy an entire bloodline. Not only is Ga-in a talented fencer and a popular student, she is dating a handsome, young doctor Lee Ki-woo.

What appears to be a bizarre and isolated tragedy is really the start of something bigger. The theory of an embittered sister taking swift revenge is good enough for the police. Like a virus, though, the animosity is contagious. Ga-in witnessed firsthand Jung-sun slashing Jee-sun to shreds in her hospital bed.

It does not take long before Ga-in herself is the target of wanton aggression at the hands of those she trusted. Ga-in falls prey to various and unprovoked attacks by those around her. At first her aggressors are acquaintances at school.

A studious overachiever named Eun-kyung Oh Yeon-seo feels slighted when she is passed over for an opportunity, so she comes after Ga-in with a pair of scissors. A family curse is often metaphorical in storytelling; characters feel fated or burdened by past acts committed by their ancestors. A variety of horror movies adopt this mode of curses, whereas Voices approaches the concept literally.

Ga-in learns the source of her hereditary affliction when she seeks refuge with a long-lost relative Kim Seong-jun along with the above said classmate, Seok-min Park Ki-woong. The sixty person crew took four weeks just to figure out the logistics, and ultimately the tenants never even noticed that the film was shooting there.

Even though Steven, Diane, and Robbie don't appear in the film, they are mentioned by name by several characters most notably by Carol Anne, Pat, and Bruce. Tangina also says that she got her necklace from "a powerful medicine man who walked among the spirits," an obvious reference to Taylor in Poltergeist II: The Other Side Interestingly enough, Carol Anne's sister Dana is once again, never mentioned by name.

This was likely done out of respect for the deceased actress Dominique Dunne. A challenge for the marketing team, who had to compile advertisements shortly after Heather O'Rourke passed away, was to make sure that it didn't look like the filmmakers and MGM were trying to exploit her death. Although there was an internet rumor that Jerry Goldsmith was originally contracted to score this film but quit due to budget cuts and then supposedly used his "unused" P3 score later in The Haunting , this rumor is untrue.

Goldsmith was unhappy with the results of Poltergeist II: The Other Side and did not have an interest in doing the third film. Also, it's clear that MGM did not want to spend the extra money they knew it would cost to hire Goldsmith, considering that "Poltergeist III" was being made on a lower budget than the last film.

Ultimately, "Poltergeist III" was scored by Joe Renzetti , who director Gary Sherman recommended, having worked with Renzetti previously on his other low-budget movies. Heather O'Rourke had grown tired of filming sequels to the first film, and was finding it difficult to keep herself motivated for the third film. She said that had a fourth Poltergeist film been greenlit, it would have been her last in the franchise.

Such a thing would never happen due to her untimely death. Producer David E. Kelley has quite a connection to this film. The character of Skerritt's daughter was played by Holly Marie Combs on the show. That character is reminiscent in character and physicality to Lara Flynn Boyle 's character Donna Gardner in this film who portrayed another famous Donna, on Twin Peaks, a show that heavily influenced Fences. Nancy Allen was originally cast to portray the town's mayor in Season 2 of "Picket Fences" but had to drop out due to her contractual obligations to appear in RoboCop 2 and RoboCop 3 That role was then filled by Leigh Taylor-Young.

In a interview, comedian and actor Thomas Lennon claimed that he auditioned for a role in this film. Steve Feke, screenwriter of horror classic When a Stranger Calls , was brought in to do a few uncredited rewrites to the script during pre-production. In the March Fairfield Research, Inc. While Carol Anne is a main character throughout the films, she isn't given much to do in terms of dramatic moments and scenes.

Sherman wrote several pages of script giving her actual dialogue, character interactions, and development, to which O'Rourke approved of. Sadly, most of these scenes could not be filmed when the budget was unexpectedly slashed.

Is this interesting? As a result of over a dozen pages worth of script not being able to be filmed due to budget cuts, Gary Sherman's initial cut of the film that he submitted to MGM was a mere 80 minutes long. Deciding that the film was too short to be theatrically released, Sherman was forced by the studio to reinsert several moments and scenes that he otherwise would have cut, just to pad out the runtime.

The Light that Dr. Lesh spoke about in Poltergeist that appeared at the climax of Poltergeist II: The Other Side and that Tangina mentions at the end of this film, may derive from war stories that pilots claimed to have seen in combat or what people have claimed to have witnessed during Near-Death Experiences. Spoilers The trivia items below may give away important plot points. In the original ending that was scrapped after Heather O'Rourke 's tragic death, when Patricia jumps through the glass pane into the apartment, she finds Carol Anne, Donna, Scott, Bruce and Tangina frozen and dying.

She then also becomes imprisoned in ice and gets attacked by Kane and her evil mirror reflection who want the necklace. Patricia tries to repel them and declares unconditional love for her family, but trips over frozen Tangina and falls to the floor. Suddenly, Tangina frees her arm from the ice and grabs the necklace.

The attack was preceded by a massive Confederate artillery bombardment of the Union center. Shortly after 1 p. They were answered by approximately Union guns. Yet, for all of the noise and smoke, the Southern artillery largely overshot their targets and failed to destroy the Federal center. The Rebels mistakenly believed that they had damaged the Northern center.

Finally, shortly before 2 p. Longstreet was reluctant to give the order, as he was certain of the slaughter of his men. In sharp contrast, Pickett was confident of success. Soon, the Union forces on Cemetery Ridge witnessed something that they would remember for the rest of their lives. The Southerners were marching towards them as if on dress parade. Additionally, two brigades of Maj.

Cadmus M. Wilcox and Brig Gen. Edward Perry the latter led by Colonel David Lang were behind and to the right of Pickett to protect his flank. Robert E. Lee, had specified it was to lead the assault. Lee, however, believed Meade had weakened his center to protect his flanks and would be vulnerable to a direct assault. The assault was preceded by an artillery bombardment of Confederate guns, the largest grand battery ever assembled on the North American continent, which began firing at in the afternoon.

Approximately 75 Union cannon responded until ordered to cease firing and conserve ammunition. When the shelling concluded, Confederate infantry stepped out in a line one-and-a-half miles long to advance across three-quarter of a mile of open ground, broken by fences that disordered their ranks.

The open area the infantry had to cross was cut across its length by the sunken Emmitsburg Road with a rail fence on its west side and a post-and-board fence on the east. The Confederates would have to climb over or tear down these obstacles while under fire. As the survivors withdrew, shouts of "Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg," came from the Union line. In doing so, they lost the protection of Wilcox and Lane on their right and came under enfilading fire from Brig.

On Cemetery Ridge, General Winfield Scott Hancock energetically oversaw the Union defenses, shifting troop positions as needed and suffering a wound in the process but refused to leave the field. The Confederate brigades, disordered by terrain and the shift to fill the gap, torn by Minie balls and canister, broke and retreated. At one point in the Union line the stone wall formed an angle.

The position was defended by the Philadelphia Brigade under Brig. Alexander Webb. Lewis Armistead, penetrated the Federal line, but they were too few to withstand the counterattack as more Union regiments rushed to the threatened point.

Armistead fell mortally wounded; desperate hand-to-hand fighting ensued around the Angle. Every Southern soldier who did not flee was killed or captured. This moment would become known as the High Tide of the Confederacy. Meade, knowing Lee still had a significant force, including most of the grand battery that had bombarded the Union line, chose not to pursue.

Pettigrew himself survived, only to be mortally wounded in a skirmish with Union cavalry on July Lee told the men trudging past him "It is my fault," but in his three official reports on the battle and in the postwar years, he never repeated those words and generally implied the failure was due to others. Many in the South placed the blame on Longstreet, although he had strenuously argued against the plan.

Years after the war, Pickett was asked why the assault had failed. Lee rose by starlight, ate a spartan breakfast with his staff, and mounted his famous gray horse, Traveller, for the ride up Seminary Ridge at Gettysburg. After two days of fighting in the summer-lush Pennsylvania countryside, the largest battle of the Civil War still hung in the balance.

As Traveller carried the hope of the Confederacy eastward on his broad, strong back, the pre-dawn stillness was shattered by the boom of cannon fire. Lee halted, looked to the northeast, and saw muzzle flashes dance across the horizon. He had no way of knowing if the staff officer he had sent in search of Lt. After two bloody but indecisive days of fighting around the obscure crossroads village of Gettysburg, Robert E.

Lee had awakened with the knowledge that, one way or another, the third day of battle would be pivotal. He had made his plans accordingly. Rather than rushing him into battle, Lee had ordered Pickett to stay where he was. Now, as fighting flared at the north end of his line, a determined Lee pondered a change in those plans.

Meanwhile, across the way on Cemetery Ridge, the men in Union Maj. Whether by prescience or sheer hard experience, the II Corps veterans knew that whatever Lee had in mind for the Army of the Potomac, it would be directed at their position. A purposeful silence filled the air. The Georgia-born Longstreet again tried to persuade Lee, as he had done two days before, to swing south around the Union left and get between the Yankees and Washington.

Again, Lee demurred. I have been with soldiers engaged in fights by couples, by squads, companies, regiments, divisions, and armies, and should know as well as anyone what soldiers can do. There is no evidence that the stone fence or the trees behind it played any part in the planning of the charge. By , they were immersed in the postwar ideal of the Lost Cause, wherein the late war had been an honorable fight that failed through no fault of their own.

The Bloody Angle served as the glorious climax of that narrative—the moment just before triumph turned into tragedy. For instance, survivors of the attack argued for decades over who could claim bragging rights for advancing farthest. But two angles in the stone wall meant that the Union troops who confronted Pettigrew and Trimble were actually eighty yards farther east than were the Pennsylvanians who stopped Pickett.

This may have been true, but, ultimately, language has proved to be the final arbiter of this dispute. African Americans were largely left out of this national reconciliation. Hess attempted to untangle history and memory. In a essay on Lee, the historian James M. Encyclopedia Virginia Grady Ave. Virginia Humanities acknowledges the Monacan Nation , the original people of the land and waters of our home in Charlottesville, Virginia.

We invite you to learn more about Indians in Virginia in our Encyclopedia Virginia. Skip to content. Contributor: Earl J. Hess Contributor: Brendan Wolfe. General George E. Thomas Benton Horton. The model estimated the casualties and survivors on each side, given their starting strengths. This ensured they initially recreated the historical results. We then adjusted the equations to represent changes in the charge, to see how those affected the outcome.

This allowed us to experiment mathematically with several different alternatives. The first factor we examined was the Confederate retreat. About half the charging infantry had become casualties before the rest pulled back. Should they have kept fighting instead? If they had, our model calculated that they all would have become casualties too. By contrast, the defending Union soldiers would have suffered only slightly higher losses.

They were wise to retreat when they did. We next evaluated how many soldiers the Confederate charge would have needed to succeed. Lee put nine infantry brigades, more than 10, men, in the charge. He kept five more brigades back in reserve. If he had put most of those reserves into the charge, our model estimated it would have captured the Union position.

But then Lee would have had insufficient fresh troops left to take advantage of that success. We also looked at the Confederate artillery barrage.

Equally important is Mormonism's complex and embattled relation to both the society from which it emerged and to the evangelicalism that was such a dominant force in the society. It was launched in with the publication of the Book of Mormon, the sacred text which became the foundation for new religion. As Smith told the story, seven years earlier the angel Moroni had appeared before him and told him of a book written on gold plates and buried in a hill outside Manchester, New York.

Then, on September 22, , after other visitations from Moroni the plates were turned over to Smith. Over the next twenty-four months, Smith and a few trusted associates, using special, ancient, "seer" stones, "translated" the Egyptian hieroglyphics of the plates into English.

When they had finished this arduous task, Smith reported, as arranged, he delivered the plates back to the angel. The Book of Mormon was not simply an arresting and powerful spiritual treatise like John Fox's Book of Martyrs, which became the foundational text of Quakerism.

Rather, Smith promulgated it as a new, sacred and canonical text, a wholly new dispensation of scriptural truth that God, working through the angel Moroni and his chosen earthly vessel, Joseph Smith, delivered to humankind. As such, for Mormon believers, the Book of Mormon possesses the same canonical standing as the old and new testaments do for Protestants and Catholics. In fact, just as early Christians saw the New Testament, with its narrative of Christ as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophesies, as the completion of God's delivery of scriptural truth, so too did Mormons see the Book of Mormon, with its prediction of a new prophetic figure, as God's third and final dispensation.

To believers, in fact, the Book of Mormon built directly on the promises and predictions of the earlier texts: it was the "sealed" book, described in the Book of Isaiah, the appearance of which would signal the coming of the "end-times" predicted in the Book of Revelation. Thus did the Mormons identify themselves as "saints," the new Israelites called out from the Gentiles to usher in the millennium. Finally, the Book of Mormon revealed that on the day it "spoke out of the ground," a prophet, named Joseph like his father, would appear and, with the aid of revelations delivered to him directly from God, establish the Godly kingdom on earth that would prepare the way for Christ's Second Coming.

From the beginning, Joseph Smith and his followers provoked ridicule for Mormonism's seemingly magical if not superstitious origins, and opposition as a heresy that dared to claim itself "the only true and living church upon the face of the whole earth.

Kirtland was the seat of the prophet where in l the Mormons built and consecrated an elaborate temple. In both places, they isolated themselves from their neighbors, and, much as other nineteenth-century religious communitarian groups like the Shakers or the Amish, set up cohesive, economically self-sufficient and largely self-governing communities, setting themselves up not simply as a group of worshipers but as a people apart.

Neither Ohio nor Missouri provided adequate refuge against the hostility of neighbors suspicious of Mormon belief and fearful of Mormonism's growing numbers and economic prosperity and power.

In their Missouri neighbors attacked the settlement, forcing the Mormons to abandon Independence. Opposition also intensified back in Ohio and by early l most of the Kirtland Mormons, led by the prophet, had departed for Missouri, where they joined forces with their Independence coreligionists who had resettled in a county organized especially for them. Still, the tension between the Mormons and their Gentile neighbors escalated into armed conflict, and the saints were forced to flee once again.

In the spring of , nearly 15, Mormons crossed into Illinois, where they purchased the town of Commerce, which they renamed Nauvoo. Granted a charter that made Nauvoo virtually an independent municipality with its own court system and militia, the Mormon settlement by l had become the largest city in the state. In Nauvoo, Smith completed the process of organizational and doctrinal consolidation begun in Kirtland.

What had begun as an effort to recover the clarity and simplicity of early Christianity and the pure and authoritative forms of the apostolic church, developed into a more doctrinally complex and more elaborate and hierarchical religious structure. With the consecration of the temple in Kirtland, Smith turned away from the example of the early church and embraced more ancient Hebraic models of organization.

In addition to deacons, elders, priests and bishops, he instituted a "First Presidency," composed of Smith as president and two counselors, a high counsel, a special Quorum of Seventy, a Council of Twelve Apostles, and a patriarch, the first of which Smith ordained his own father. Finally, revelation granted the Lord's "servant, Joseph Smith, jun. In addition to this revelation securing the ultimate authority of the prophet and president , Smith announced the key revelation concerning "celestial marriage" under which saints' marriages were "sealed" for eternity.

This doctrine became the basis for the revelation disclosed to a chosen few saints in l for the practice of "plural marriages," under which select and worthy Mormon men could take multiple wives. Upstate New York?! Krakauer's book is mainly about the horrific killing of a mother and her baby by two "Fundamentalist" Mormons in Utah, who believe that God ordered them to do it.

These fundamentalists don't have much to do with mainstream Mormonism, in the same way that fundamentalists in most religions don't have much to do with the mainstream in those religions. But Krakauer's book also tells the story of Mormonism in general, with several chapters devoted to the founding of the religion, the "exodus" that took the early Mormons west, the current church, and one of the favorite Mormon topics of non-Mormons, polygamy more on this soon, I promise.

Anyway, on the assumption that many of you might also be interested in Mormonism—and, importantly, with what the Mormonism of our President might mean for the rest of us non-Mormons—I'm going to tell you some of what I've learned. Krakauer is obviously only one source albeit, I think, a neutral one.

Does Krakauer get it right? Is there an important other side to these stories? What should people know about Mormons and Mormonism? Please share your thoughts in the comments below or email me at hblodget businessinsider. First, although one's first instinct is obviously to howl with laughter at the fact that an entire religion is based on a book written by a self-professed psychic staring into a hat, this "genesis" story probably isn't all that much more ridiculous than the stories and texts involved in the founding of many other religions.

Third, Joseph Smith would later be called a "religious genius," and if the history of Mormonism reveals anything it's that the religion would never have had a leg to stand on if it weren't for his vast powers of persuasion and promotion. Most entrepreneurs have to scratch and claw and wheel and deal to get their enterprises off the ground, and the power to persuade others to drop their skepticism and pick up the torch is often critical to success.

The Church was founded in and soon attracted members. From the start it actively tried to convert people and sent missionaries out to win members. The Church also attracted enemies and was persecuted by mainstream Christian church members. Smith himself was imprisoned more than thirty times for his faith. In the first Mormon Temple was dedicated at Kirtland in Ohio. The church continued to grow, many of its members being converts from England. But the persecution also continued and eventually the Mormons moved to Illinois, where they built a new city, where they could live and worship in peace, on the banks of the Mississippi.

The Mormon hope that they would find peace at Nauvoo was disappointed and the persecution continued. Joseph Smith was arrested on several occasions, and in a jail where he and his brother was being held was attacked by an armed mob, and both men were shot and killed.

Because the family was so poor, Joseph received very little education - learning only basic maths and literacy. But he did spend much time in Bible study. Later the family moved to Palmyra in New York. It was a time of religious revival and the teenage Joseph was not sure which version of Christianity he should follow. He found a Bible text that told him to ask God what to do. Joseph went out into the country and prayed for guidance, and he had a vision of God the Father and Jesus Christ.

Joseph wrote:. I saw a pillar of light exactly over my head, above the brightness of the sun, which descended gradually until it fell upon me. Two beings appeared within the light "whose brightness and glory defy all description". One of them spoke his name, pointed to the other, and said,.

Thus it making him an iconic social media entrepreneur. No, Twitter is a service owned by Twitter , Inc. It is NOT a Google product. Jack Dorsey - Education After leaving high school, Dorsey enrolled in the Missouri University of Science and Technology but left after two years to pursue his dream of living in New York and joined New York University only to quit it in the final year to work on his idea on twitter.

The e-commerce industry has been at the centre of most entrepreneurial attemptsand ventures. Significant developments have happened in this segment over thelast couple of decades.

The e-commerce division has become an indispensable partof our lives today. Physical obstacles related to brick-and-m…. StartupTalky Piyush Mishra. How to Use Twitter for Business in Twitter best practices Twitter is a social media for microblogging. According to a re…. StartupTalky Niku Mandal. Why Twitter will start a Subscription service for Exclusive Features.

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Check your inbox and click the link. Sorry, something went wrong. Please try again. Published by. Piyush Mishra Piyush Mishra. You might also like. Jul 29, Sushree Sangeeta Behera. Jul 1, Pratyusha Srivastava. Mar 14, Alan Joseph. RawGranules: Bringing pure, unprocessed farm products to you.

Harshil Doshi, is breaking stereotypes about family businesses through EPS. In this success post, we are going to share the story of Jack Dorsey, an American businessman who co-founded Twitter. Jack Dorsey was born on the 19th of November in St. His father was an engineer of medical equipment and worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers. He developed an early interest in computers and was a member of his school computer club. He also spent considerable time studying the available model of IBM Computers.

Jack Dorsey started working as a programmer. He moved to Oakland, California in in search of better career prospects. He started a company to dispatch taxis, couriers, and emergency services using his dispatch software.

During this time, he also got serious about his idea of a short message communication service that would update his friends about his status in real-time. Moreover, his company failed, and he struggled for the next few years. He made a living by freelancing. He even attended massage therapy courses. Meanwhile, he never gave up on his dream of creating a short message service, which he had envisioned.

On March 21, , Jack Dorsey posted the world's first tweet: "just setting up my twttr. He removed his nose ring in an attempt to look the part of a mature Silicon Valley executive, though he kept his boyish, mop-like haircut and abstract, forearm-length tattoo whose shape represented, among other things, the human clavicle bone.

Twitter was initially derided by some as a tool for the shallow and self-centered to broadcast the minutiae of their lives to the universe. Late-night comedy host Conan O'Brien even featured a segment called "Twitter Tracker" that mocked users of the service.

In its early days, the site also suffered from frequent service outages. But as celebrities and CEOs alike began tweeting, Twitter was no longer the brunt of so many jokes. Suddenly the head of the "microblogging" movement, Twitter became a powerful platform for U.

Presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain in , as a method for updating their supporters while on the campaign trail. Twitter vaulted to international prominence after the June presidential elections in Iran, when thousands of opposition supporters took to the streets to protest the claimed victory of incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

When the government blocked text messaging and satellite feeds of foreign news coverage, Iranian Twitter users flooded the site with live updates.

State Department official even emailed Dorsey to request that Twitter delay its scheduled maintenance so that protestors could keep tweeting. Could you keep it going? Twitter complied. In , Twitter had more than million users who together tweeted some 55 million times a day.

Dorsey, however, had set his sights on other projects. He became an investor in the social networking company Foursquare and launched a new venture, Square, which allows people to receive credit card payments through a tiny device plugged in to their mobile phone or computer.

Square filed for an IPO in October , and became a publicly traded company the following month. In November , Dorsey saw his personal fortune grow tremendously thanks to Twitter's initial public offering.

Within hours, the value of Dorsey's approximately

Many other came in 17th and 18th century. With the arrival of Renaissance and advanced in naval travel, cheese exited the shores of Europe and spread all around the world. Many Asian cultures never heard of Cheese before not counting India, which had long history with cheese , and same was the case with Americas. Organized production of cheese arrived in Europe in with the establishment of first cheese factory in Switzerland, but mass success was found only after dairy farmer Jesse Williams formed assembly line cheese factory in USA in The Romans, in turn, introduced cheesemaking to England.

During the Middle Ages-from the decline of the Roman Empire until the discovery of America-cheese was made and improved by the monks in the monasteries of Europe. Roquefort was also mentioned in the ancient records of the monastery at Conques, France as early as Cheesemaking continued to flourish in Europe and became an established food.

In fact, the Pilgrims included cheese in the Mayflower's supplies when they made their voyage to America in The making of cheese quickly spread in the New World, but until the 19th century it remained a local farm industry.

As population across the United States continued to grow dramatically, the demand for cheese increased and the industry gradually moved westward, centering on the rich farm lands of Wisconsin. Although the pioneers are of different descent, the story of cheesemaking in all of Wisconsin mimics this Green County primitive scenario.

Making cheese was a very effective way to preserve milk which was very perishable. A typical farmstead cheese producer would skim off the cream to make butter and then use the rest of the milk for making cheese.

From the collection of supplies by oxcart, to the milking of the cows, to the hauling of the milk, to the churning of the butter and the pressing of the cheese, cheesemaking in the early days: at home on the farm all across America was and still remains today difficult, hard work. As the American population grew west, so did the cheese industry in southern Wisconsin. The amount of dairy herds grew primarily from internal growth and imports from Ohio and New York.

Equipment arrived from Europe, out east or was manufactured locally. The household science of making cheese was now just a few generations away from becoming a big business in America which meant economic success was coming to Wisconsin. Prior to and during the expansion of cheesemaking in the 19th century, Wisconsin agriculture was primarily focused on crops such as wheat, barley, and hops.

By over 1 million acres and 30 million bushels of wheat were harvested in Wisconsin and Milwaukee led all wheat markets in the world. Cheese and cheesemaking were important in Wisconsin but in many areas the development of the cheese industry was subordinate to the wheat culture. Several factors influenced this emphasis on wheat in Wisconsin agriculture. Wheat acreage increased to over 2 million acres by but yields were rapidly declining.

Soils were significantly depleted by the long lasting effects of erosion and one crop agriculture. Chinch bugs infested the crops for several years and various diseases and winter kill dramatically influenced wheat yields.

By the end of the 19th century Wisconsin wheat farmers could not compete with the wheat grown in the plains of the west. Because of the rolling hills originally caused by the Ice Age, farmers realized that the land across southern Wisconsin was much better suited to cultivate crops and maintain pastures for the ever increasing population of cows and other livestock. Along with the increase in cow population, more people were settling in Wisconsin from Europe, New York, Ohio, and other New England states who continued to bring their knowledge and experience of cheesemaking to the Wisconsin frontier.

Agricultural emphasis again shifted to dairy farming and cheesemaking. Farmers began to see the value of working together and pooling their resources into a centralized cheese processing facility to convert their milk to cheese and other dairy products. In many instances the farmstead cheese factory was built on one of their farms. Five local farmers supplied the milk for the factory, which was a resounding success and a boost to the local economy.

This factory was the first limburger cheese factory in Wisconsin and one of 53 cooperative cheese factories built in Wisconsin from Nicholas Gerber was a Swiss immigrant who had spent time in the commercial Mohawk Valley of New York making limburger cheese. In he started the first Swiss cheese factory in Wisconsin located between Monticello and New Glarus. After things in Green County and the rest of the state would never be quite the same again. Turning milk into cheese was equivalent to turning lead into gold.

The only difference is that the cheese process worked. By Wisconsin contained factories located at rural crossroads where farmers would deliver their daily morning milk. Cheese production was 77,, pounds. The top producing cheese state at the turn of the twentieth century was New York.

Wisconsin had already passed Ohio , and eventually surpassed New York by , to become number one in cheese production in the USA. Its proximity to the Great Lakes shipping and the development of railroad transportation in the Midwest provided excellent routes for expanding the market. In the foreign type cheese region Swiss, Brick, and Limburger was established in southwest Wisconsin and had over factories dotting the countryside. Monroe, county seat of Green County, was the marketing center for the three Foreign-type cheeses and Plymouth in Sheboygan County was the marketing center for American cheese and Cheddar cheese varieties.

The number of cattle increased consistently from to where it reached 2. Cheese production rose to million pounds in , million pounds in and million pounds in The number of rural crossroads commercial cheese factories in Wisconsin peaked at in As stated earlier, this region had a higher concentration of farmstead cheese factories than any other region in the state of Wisconsin. Consolidation and significant expansion resulted in 87 factories in this region in Midway through the twentieth century there were seven distinct regions of cheese production in Wisconsin including the Southwest Foreign type region mentioned above.

Geographically speaking the specialized cheese producing regions formed a crescent in the state, with the horns in the Southwest and Northwest, and the body along the eastern lake shore. During this period cheese and cheesemaking became a major part of Wisconsin agriculture and Wisconsin cheesemakers began to take a leadership role in the future success of this industry in the world scene. These men and women represented almost every country in Europe and they chose Wisconsin because of its place in the world of cheesemaking.

They arrived with a strong work ethic, determination, treasured family secrets, and a desire to continue the tradition of making popular cheeses from the old country. Improved breeding and livestock nutrition have resulted in large increases in the quality and quantity of the milk supply: approximately 11, dairy farms with 1.

Wisconsin has more skilled and licensed cheesemakers than any other state. To become a licensed modern day cheesemaker in Wisconsin, the prospective candidate must complete a course in dairy and food science and pass a comprehensive exam.

Cheesemakers in training are also encouraged to work with an existing cheesemaker as an apprentice. Modeled after programs in Europe, Wisconsin is the only state to offer a cheesemaker the opportunity to become a Master Cheesemaker. These settlers had little more than the shirts on their backs and a strong determination to carve out a life in the New World.

Within a year or so the settlement boasted a small herd of dairy cattle that had been herded west from Ohio and women from local farms were producing cheese primarily from skim milk cream was used to make butter at home in farm kitchens. Production of processed cheese products skyrocketed during the World War II era.

Since this time, Americans have consistently consumed more processed cheese than natural cheeses. Handmade artisan cheese is making a comeback in a major way. Classic cheesemaking methods are being adopted by small farmers and creameries across the United States.

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Some of these are unbiblical traditions, others are false doctrines. What you should do is try to find a church which is strongly committed to biblical Christianity and is willing to put biblical principles into practice.

Buy Now: Book. Buy Now: DVD. Buy Now: Book Kindle ePub. Buy Now: MP3. Catholicsm is a tradition which has been passed for a long time. Where was its origin and the approximatly when did it begin? When did Christianity begin? Is it true that the Roman Catholic Church was the original true church?

Can you tell me when the Catholic church started insisting its priests were celibate? Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors.

Share Flipboard Email. Mary Fairchild. Christianity Expert. Mary Fairchild is a full-time Christian minister, writer, and editor of two Christian anthologies, including "Stories of Cavalry. Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter. Cite this Article Format. Fairchild, Mary. The Great Schism of and the Split of Christianity. Is the Date of Easter Related to Passover? John Chrysostom, the Golden-Tongued Preacher. Development of Christian Denominations. These monks would also work in the gardens and on the land.

They might also spend time in the Cloister, a covered colonnade around a courtyard, where they would pray or read. Some monasteries held a scriptorium where monks would write or copy books.

When the monks wrote, they used very neat handwriting and would draw illustrations in the books. As a part of their unique writing style, they decorated the first letter of each paragraph. The monasteries were the central storehouses and producers of knowledge. The next wave of monastic reform after the Benedictines came with the Cistercian movement. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to a literal observance of the Benedictine Rule, rejecting the developments of the Benedictines.

The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, and especially to field work. Inspired by Bernard of Clairvaux, the primary builder of the Cistercians, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. By the end of the 12th century the Cistercian houses numbered , and at its height in the 15th century the order claimed to have close to houses.

Most of these were built in wilderness areas, and played a major part in bringing such isolated parts of Europe into economic cultivation. During the rule of Pope Innocent III — , two of the most famous monastic orders were founded.

They were called the mendicant, or begging, orders because their members begged for the food and clothes. At their foundation these orders rejected the previously established monastic model of living in one stable, isolated community where members worked at a trade and owned property in common, including land, buildings, and other wealth.

By contrast, the mendicants avoided owning property, did not work at a trade, and embraced a poor, often itinerant lifestyle. They depended for their survival on the goodwill of the people to whom they preached. They would usually travel in pairs, preaching, healing the sick, and helping the poor. Francis of Assisi founded the order of the Franciscans, who were known for their charitable work. The Dominicans, founded by Saint Dominic, focused on teaching, preaching, and suppressing heresy.

The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion was starting to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they traveled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church.

Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.

The inspiration for the Franciscan Order came in when Francis heard a sermon on Matthew that made such an impression on him that he decided to devote himself wholly to a life of apostolic poverty. Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Evangelical precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach repentance.

Francis was soon joined by a prominent fellow townsman, Bernard of Quintavalle, who contributed all that he had to the work, and by other companions, who are said to have reached eleven within a year. The brothers lived in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi, but they spent much of their time traveling through the mountainous districts of Umbria, always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations.

Their life was extremely ascetic, though such practices were apparently not prescribed by the first rule that Francis gave them probably as early as , which seems to have been nothing more than a collection of Scriptural passages emphasizing the duty of poverty. Similar to Francis, Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy.

Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. They were both active in preaching and contemplative in study, prayer, and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made them their own.

In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with their own defining characteristics and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart. The Western Schism was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from to , when there was conflict concerning the rightful holder of the papacy.

During that time, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance — For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office.

The schism in the Western Roman Church resulted from the return of the papacy to Rome under Gregory XI on January 17, , ending the Avignon Papacy, which had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged major parts of western Christendom.

On April 8, the cardinals elected a Neapolitan when no viable Roman candidates presented themselves. Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope he proved suspicious, reformist, and prone to violent outbursts of temper.

Many of the cardinals who had elected him soon regretted their decision; the majority removed themselves from Rome to Anagni, where, even though Urban was still reigning, they elected Robert of Geneva as a rival pope on September 20, This second election threw the church into turmoil.

There had been antipopes —rival claimants to the papacy—before, but most of them had been appointed by various rival factions; in this case, a single group of church leaders had created both the pope and the antipope. The conflict quickly escalated from a church problem to a diplomatic crisis that divided Europe.

Secular leaders had to choose which claimant they would recognize. In the Iberian Peninsula there were the Ferdinand Wars and the — Crisis in Portugal, during which dynastic opponents supported rival claimants to the papal office. Sustained by such national and factional rivalries throughout Catholic Christianity, the schism continued after the deaths of both initial claimants; Boniface IX, crowned at Rome in , and Benedict XIII, who reigned in Avignon from , maintained their rival courts.

When Boniface died in , the eight cardinals of the Roman conclave offered to refrain from electing a new pope if Benedict would resign, but when his legates refused on his behalf, the Roman party then proceeded to elect Innocent VII. In the intense partisanship characteristic of the Middle Ages, the schism engendered a fanatical hatred between factions.

Efforts were made to end the schism through force or diplomacy. None of these remedies worked. The suggestion to have a church council resolve the schism was first made in , but was not initially adopted because canon law required that a pope call a council. They balked at the last moment, and both colleges of cardinals abandoned their popes. A church council was held at Pisa in under the auspices of the cardinals to try solving the dispute. At the fifteenth session, on June 5, , the Council of Pisa deposed the two pontiffs as schismatical, heretical, perjured, and scandalous.

But it then added to the problem by electing another incumbent, Alexander V. He reigned briefly from June 26, , until his death in , when he was succeeded by John XXIII, who won some, but not universal, support.

On 29 June the brothers arrived in Fremantle, Western Australia, in the Elderslie to join a married sister, and set up as building contractors. By January next year they had won contracts for additions to the Fremantle Lunatic Asylum and for the Roebourne hospital. When Arthur was injured in a riding accident, Robert became the driving force in the partnership which built the Weld Club and Trinity Congregational Church in Perth and the Coolgardie warden's quarters ; they claimed, too, to have owned most of the buildings in Barrack Street, Perth, at one time.

A boom during in the export of jarrah turned Bunning's attention to timber. He was president in and represented it on the executive of the Employers' Federation in ; he was on the executive too of the Sawmillers' Association from its formation in to He had few other outside interests.

As a witness to the royal commission on forestry , Bunning stressed freedom of trade for the small man against the Millars' combine, and in later years attacked the State sawmills as a threat to free enterprise. Credit: Glenn Hunt. Limited competition is one of the primary reasons investors and market watchers are keen on the hardware powerhouse, with only Metcash-owned Mitre 10 challenging Bunnings in the big-box space.

Fresh attempts to tussle with Bunnings, such as Woolworths' Masters chain , have also failed. Its unparalleled market position has also helped Bunnings entrench its position among consumers, with the business regularly topping lists of the country's "most-trusted" brands.

Its marketing, with chatty TV ads and a familiar "lowest prices" slogan, also plays a role. The business was later sold for a single British pound.

The move was a scorch mark on Bunnings' largely unblemished record and has likely scared management off considering any further international expansion in the near term. This has led to concerns among some investors that Wesfarmers may struggle to grow Bunnings in the years ahead, with fears it has saturated the market with little room for significant store expansion.

To counter this, Bunnings has switched its focus towards other segments of the hardware industry, hoping to increase its business-to-business customers through an expansion of its trades segment. In April, despite concerns from the competition regulator, Bunnings completed its acquisition of specialist tools retailer Adelaide Tools in an effort to get a leg up with trade customers.

Bunnings' managing director Mike Schneider. Credit: Eddie Jim. Bunnings is also looking to improve its online sales, with the company admitting it was slow to establish an online channel, which launched only this year. As of Wednesday, Bunnings shoppers in Victoria face a six-week wait until stores reopen, and an even longer wait until sausage sizzles are back on the menu. For now, they'll have to do with online orders and home-fried snags. But in other parts of the country, the Bunnings Barometer may be improving its rating, with stores trading close to normal in Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales, with some even firing up the barbecues again, Oerlemans says.

And while a return to actual normality may feel a long ways off, the importance of the red and green warehouse to Australians is not lost on its management. Our stores are such an important part of the community. Start the day with major stories, exclusive coverage and expert opinion from our leading business journalists delivered to your inbox. They immediately upped their game and included building supplies and hardwood to the existing timber business, becoming a key supplier to the home construction industry.

The accelerated success meant Bunnings went public in , expanding product ranges, venturing into retail, and opening its very own hardware stores throughout the country.

The Bunnings knew their trajectory of success would be paved by identification, planning, and implementation. They identified opportunities, planned a localized expansion, and executed instantaneously or however quickly they could to skew their journey upwards. The s to s thereupon became a time of expansion through conquering. In these years, Bunnings acquired:.

These acquisitions were not a mere roll of the dice or split-second decision. Every merger and takeover was planned to facilitate expansion throughout Australia and enhance the exposure of Bunnings to the consumer base. These acquisitions too, however, were not reason enough for Bunnings to become a grand success.

The game-changer was to come later on, in , that set the tone for the success of Bunnings, and its upward stance has continued till today. From the gold mining boom to the events during and post WW2, Bunnings diversified their products and later on, even stepped into new markets through planned acquisitions.

If we were to sum up the first century of Bunnings, it would be as years of grasping every opportunity the company got. Bunnings had grown gradually, venturing into different markets, expanding its portfolio and forming its brand image around Australia. Wesfarmers is one of the leading listing companies in Australia today and at the back end of the 20th century, it was pursuing its ambitions to reach here. At the time, Wesfarmers saw a lucrative opportunity in capitalizing on the potential of the forest and timber business.

On its own, Bunnings had established its operations all around Australia after those series of acquisitions and mergers. Thus, for Wesfarmers, this up-and-coming company had already laid the platform for them to advance in this new industry and diversify their holdings.

Over this period, Bunnings had begun embracing a unique, new identity, and this would define it for many years to come. In December , they opened the doors to a warehouse-style store, which would be the first of its signature one's today. For Wesfarmers, it was crucial that they rebranded the company in a way that conveyed to customers that Bunnings was now a place that had much more to offer while at the same time, it was the same brand that they had grown to trust over the years.

Source - News Daily. With this strategic, revamped outlook, the stage was set for Wesfarmers-owned Bunnings to make forward strides in the hardware industry - and so it did, as time would prove. Warehouses and big box stores soon became the face of Bunnings. The rebranding of Bunnings under Wesfarmers proved to be a successful move. Not only did the red hammer and attractive price slogan stand out, but it also resonated with the DIY hardware community.

Simultaneously, Bunnings stuck to its main offerings and continued to cater to smaller regions as well. Revamped logos, newer slogans, and modern formats; all of this will get a buyer through the door, but the purchase depends on one of the most important factors of all:.

Having the right pricing strategy is the first step to reaping a freefall of rewards. Bunnings operates on three strategic pillars, the first of which is Lowest Prices. Their method of pricing was simple: Their products would be the least priced as compared to others. With e-commerce and ease of price comparisons today, informational mobility has increased manifold.

While one could assume this will create problems for Bunnings, it became another unique marketing tactic. If a consumer finds another business with the same product as Bunnings but with lower prices; a unique strategy comes into play.

However, this was an incredibly smart tactic with instantaneous impact and an unsurprisingly frequently unobserved fine print. In fact, competitors refrain from stocking identical products in fear of price cuts.

Therefore, Bunnings Warehouse is able to brand itself as the most inexpensive hardware store in Australia, without necessarily having to follow through. If you are aware of psychological pricing, you would know about the cents philosophy. In fact, it was proven by research in that items worth almost-whole numbers drew in greater revenue than rounded amounts.

Wesfarmers understood this phenomenon and paired it with their idea of the lowest prices to calculate prices. All this shone to one aspect - whatever Wesfarmers was doing, it seemed to work for Bunnings and its Australian clientele.

Again, a psychological tactic that unsurprisingly, churned immense revenue. The understanding of consumer psychology was a forte of the management of Bunnings Warehouse, and it played wonderfully in their court. They understood the common consumer perception that higher prices are hidden, and cheaper ones are blatantly visible. For example, while luxury designer clothing rarely hangs off racks with a price tag, the prices of every product at Bunnings were clearly stated, and every advert showcased them in large, bold letters.

Why This Works: This appeals to the reverse psychology of buyers. They assume since the price tag is large and so visible, the product must be cheap. Also, employing subtle techniques, such as price visibility, and utilizing the effect of price points is crucial to pricing strategies.

Normally, a person only thinks about visiting a hardware store when they need hardware. It curates an experience that keeps customers coming back, whether or not they want to buy something. The Bunnings logo is clearly visible from afar and it creates a sensation that customers find difficult to resist. As a result, they end up heading to the store anyhow.

The thing about parents with kids and bringing them to a store is - convince either party and you have yourself a client. Bunnings have cracked this code and played it to their advantage. For example, when a family plans a fun outing they think about somewhere with fun activities, playground, balloons, and all that stuff for kids to enjoy their time.

At the same time, they need a place where parents can watch the children and grab a snack while at it. They always have something or the other going on for kids.

From seasonal events, such as Halloween trick or treat to jumping castles, petting zoos, and painting activities, children have the perfect place to run around. What better way to do that than by offering free DIY workshops to learn new skills?

The first version of the Army worked with state militias on the fight for independence. The Articles of Confederation, which were finally ratified in , established the ability to raise troops for the common defense of the United States. It also allowed individual states to declare war under certain conditions.

But the Confederation government greatly scaled back the remains of the Continental Army into a new regiment with men. In general, there were great concerns about the need for a standing army outside of times of war. The Constitutional Convention of in Philadelphia provided checks on any standing army by allowing the President to command it, but Congress to finance it using short-term legislation.

In many cases these branch distinctions are reflected in the Army's system for designating units and in the U. Army Regimental System. The Army Organization Act of enacted 28 June set forth the legal basis for the various basic and special branches in the current Army see Title 10, United States Code, Sections and It also permits the creation of other branches as the Secretary of the Army considers necessary.

See the note below for more information on The Army Organization Act of In recognition that many of today's branches have existed since and in order to enhance esprit de corps, the Army recognizes official branch birthdays see Department of the Army General Orders, No. Listed below are the Army's basic and special branches currently in existence, their birthdays, and the relevant authorities.

Links are also provided for additional information about each branch's unique heraldic items, which are maintained by The Institute of Heraldry TIOH. The changes the Act had on the Army's branches and the titles of the various branch chiefs were announced in Department of the Army General Orders No. Finally, an article from the August edition of Army Information Digest discusses the Act's major changes. All three of these documents are available below for the convenience of our users. Ten companies of expert riflemen were authorized by a resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June The post of Adjutant General was established 16 June , and has been continuously in operation since that time.

The Adjutant General's Department, was established by the act of 3 March The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on 16 March , when the President was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers The Finance Department was created by law on 1 July The Quartermaster Corps, originally designated the Quartermaster Department, was established on 16 June While numerous additions, deletions, and changes of function have occurred, its basic supply and service support functions have continued in existence.

The regiment formally entered service on 1 January At various times, all arms of artillery have been referred to as Artillery. On 14 June the Army established Air Defense Artillery as a separate branch and on 12 June directed that the Title 10 reference to "Artillery" will instead refer to "Field Artillery" pending formal change to the code.

To date, this has not yet occurred. However, the Army made clear in that "for the purposes of lineage and history, Field Artillery and Air Defense Artillery shall both be considered a continuation of Artillery. The Armor branch traces its origin to the Cavalry. A regiment of cavalry was authorized to be raised by the Continental Congress Resolve of 12 December Although mounted units were raised at various times after the Revolution, the oldest Regular Army cavalry units date to The Tank Service was formed on 5 March The Armored Force was formed on 10 July Armor became a permanent branch with the passage of The Army Organization Act of The Ordnance Department was established by act of Congress on 14 May During the Revolutionary War, ordnance material was under supervision of the Board of War and Ordnance.

Numerous shifts in duties and responsibilities have occurred in the Ordnance Corps since colonial times. It acquired its present with the passage of The Army Organization Act of However, the Signal Corps dates its existence from 21 June , when Congress authorized the appointment of one signal officer in the Army, and a War Department order carried the following assignment: "Signal Department--Assistant Surgeon Albert J.

Myer to be Signal Officer, with the rank of Major, June 27, , to fill an original vacancy. The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June , combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of Government. In , it was redesignated the Chemical Corps.

Prior to that time, transportation operations were chiefly the responsibility of the Quartermaster General. If the Army sounds interesting, get your career started by talking with a recruiter. We can put you in touch with recruiters from the different military branches. Learn about the benefits of serving your country, paying for school, military career paths and more: sign up now and hear from a recruiter near you.

He describes what life Twenty-nine of the forty-four men who have served as our nation's commander-in-chief have military backgrounds themselves Armistice Day remembrances have been observed worldwide after the coronavirus pandemic wiped out ceremonies last year to mark Get the scoop on discounts and latest award-winning military content. Right in your inbox.

View more newsletters on our Subscriptions page. The Naval Sea Cadet Corps was established in and looks "to build leaders of character" through military instruction and In-flight refuelers, also known as boom operators, can pump more than tens of thousands of pounds of gas at a time. The Judge Advocate General's Corps handles matters of military justice and military law, and acceptance requires a four-year Summer is not a restful period at West Point. Every class there is involved in some exercises during Cadet Summer Training.